The Gordie Howe International Bridge is a land border crossing between Windsor, Ontario, Canada and Detroit, Michigan in the United States (US). It is one of the highest and largest hollow gravity dams in the world and is one of the world’s largest hydroelectric projects in terms of power output. Toronto Ontario M5C 1P1 The Itaipu reservoir, with a flooded area of 1,350 km 2, is the seventh largest in Brazil, but holds the best coefficient of water utilization for electricity generation of all the large Brazilian reservoirs.. After Paraguay expressed concerns about this amount, the two countries signed a deal in July 2009 after several months of negotiation, under which Brazil agreed to triple its payments to Paraguay. Corruption was an important issue at the time of construction. Thiscould lead to a revision of the rules of payment of royalties (see also the Financing section of this case study). MarkWaters79 wrote a review Mar 2019. In Brazil, where development has tended to be concentrated towards the coastal region, these initiatives have contributed to the development of inland regions. Before the Flood: The Itaipu Dam and the Visibility of Rural Brazil [Jacob Blanc]. The conflict was resolved in the 1979 Tripartite Itaipu-Corpus Agreement, signed by Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil, which sets out downstream flow requirements with which Itaipu Binacional must comply. The tour guide spoke in both Portuguese and English and explained the volumes of water in the dam and the electricity produced. While Brazil’s electricity production is dominated by hydroelectric power plants, a large proportion of Brazil’s energy consumption still originates from fossil energy sources. About 85% of the energy generated by the plant is used by Brazil. The rate applied throughout the year 2018, and since 2009, was USD22.60 per kW of contracted monthly power. Listed as one of the 7 wonders of the modern world by the American Society of Civil Engineers magazine, it is the largest energy producer on the planet, surpassing in 2015 and 2016 the Chinese Three Gorges Dam (more than 103 million megawatts per hour in 2016). Photo ComprasParaguay. The Coral Sea Cable System (CS2) is a 4700 kilometre-long fibre optic submarine telecommunications cable that links both Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands to the major East Coast Internet Hub in Sydney, Australia. The company’s main tools for communicating with stakeholders and the public are the Ombudsman, the Contact Us rubric online, the corporate website and social networks (e.g. The appointment of the members of these two bodies is the responsibility of the Brazilian and Paraguayan Governments. The values of royalties are calculated based on three variables: monthly energy production, the dollar adjustment factor and the exchange rate. The construction of the dam incurred significant environmental and social impacts. The Act of Iguaçu, signed on 22 June 1966, ended the conflict and “marked the first official step toward what became the Itaipu Hydroelectric Dam” and laid the groundwork for the Treaty of Itaipu signed in 1973. Operating expenses: These include expenses for personnel, materials, goods and, Financial charges and amortisation: These include costs of loans and. The world's largest generator of renewable clean energy. De Itaipudam (Portugees en Guaraní: Itaipu; Spaans Itaipú) is een Braziliaans-Paraguyaanse stuwdam in de rivier de Paraná op de grens van de Braziliaanse staat Paraná en Paraguay. The four dams would consist of an earthfill dam, a rockfill dam, a main dam built with concrete and also a concrete wing dam. It is composed of an Administrative Council (also called the Supervisory Board) and an Executive Board of Directors. A view of the Itaipu Dam soon after its 1982 construction, with the spillway in the foreground. The above quotation comes from a 1983 interview with a farmer who, after being displaced by the Itaipu dam, relocated to a government-sponsored agrarian colony in the Amazon. The design and construction of the Itaipu Hydroelectric Dam was led by two consortia: Unicon (Brazilian) and Conempa (Paraguayan), while the electrical-mechanical assembly work was performed by Itamon (Brazilian) and CIE (Paraguayan). A Compliance Advisory was created in both countries and responds directly to the Executive Board, with assignments to plan, coordinate, integrate and align the activities pertinent to the integrity system and compliance, the corporate risk management system and internal control processes. This means that the debt for the construction of the dam and its maintenance costs are also evenly distributed. Itaipu Dam Facts for Kids. In addition, 65,000 people were displaced – 40,000 people on the Brazilian side and 25,000 people on the Paraguayan side. The office receives suggestions, complaints, compliments and denunciations, and, after screening them, refers them to the relevant organisations. The Treaty of Itaipu and the company’s bylaws define the tasks and competences of the boards. The dam straddles the border between Brazil and Paraguay and operates under the company Itaipu Binacional, a sort of state-within-a-state run by directors from both countries. Royalties: A financial compensation payment is due to the Brazilian and Paraguayan Governments for the use of the hydraulic potential of the Paraná The amount is defined in Annex C of the Treaty of Itaipu, as the equivalent of USD650 per GWh generated by the dam. This is mostly a bus tour with 1 opportunity to get off and take photos. The signature of the Treaty led to conflicts with Argentina, as the construction of the dam directly affects water flows received downstream on the Paraná river. The Treaty of Itaipu of 1973 further reinforced the joint agreement of both governments in “effecting the hydroelectric development of the hydraulic resources of the Paraná River.” To that effect, the. Engineers actually had to shift the course of the seventh largest river in the world, the Parana River, around the construction site before building the Itaipu Dam. In July 2009, the two countries signed a deal under which Brazil agreed to triple its payments to Paraguay. We use cookies to personalise content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic. Read more. Itaipu Dam, hydroelectric dam on the Alto Parana River at the Brazil-Paraguay border. Itaipu Binacional permanently puts at the disposal of the two companies a given quantity of power, fixed before production: the contracted power. Search this site: Facebook Itaipu Twitter Itaipu Youtube Itaipu In 2000, the generating capacity of Itaipu reached 93.4 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh), which supplied 93% of the energy The royalties are proportional to the amount of land submerged by the lake. A circa-1871 map of Guair Falls, taken from the book "A New Gateway to the Heart of South America," by William Alfred Reid. It was supposed to generate 90,000 Giga Watts of electricity each year. The two countries have an equal right to the dam’s production, but because Paraguay only consumes 15% of its share, it is obliged to sell the rest to Brazil, with 70% of the price covering the financing of construction. The 1966 Act of Iguaçu proclaimed that Brazil and Paraguay would commonly explore the hydroelectric potential of the resources common to the two countries, and stated the agreement that the electricity generated would be evenly shared but could be sold from one of the two parties to the other at a fixed price decided by the countries, and not at ‘cost price’ as requested by Paraguay. Figure 2: Main cost-sharing mechanisms (Source: Authors based on data from Itaipu Binacional). Indeed, water is an abundant resource of which the country wanted to take advantage. The Paraguayan Government decides afterwards how to redistribute the compensation, depending on government priorities. The plan for a hydro-generating plant, using the Parana River as its source of energy, began in the 1960s. 68 Pitt St In parallel, the company formed an Ethics Committee that receives and evaluates any complaints about non- ethical conduct that constitutes an infringement of the values, principles and norms of the Itaipu Binacional Code of Ethics. Output Specifications for Quality Infrastructure Investment, Project Case studies - Global Infrastructure Hub, agricultural productivity and fishery protection, creation of protected areas for biodiversity around the reservoir, rehabilitation and development support for indigenous communities. Le barrage hydroélectrique d'Itaipu sur le rio Parana, à la frontière du Paraguay et du Brésil, en juin 1989, Paraguay. Local communities are given the opportunity to influence the end use of the resources thanks to participatory mechanisms. The decision in 1973 to develop the dam was also informed by the oil crisis at the time, which made hydroelectric power appear a more stable choice than fossil fuel–based energy sources. A New Gateway to the Heart of South America, The Newton Boys Were the Baddest Bank Robbers You've Never Heard Of, 9 Deep-diving Facts About the Lands of Oceania, The Strange History of Neuschwanstein Castle is No Disney Fairy Tale, Information about the device's operating system, Information about other identifiers assigned to the device, The IP address from which the device accesses a client's website or mobile application, Information about the user's activity on that device, including web pages and mobile apps visited or used, Information about the geographic location of the device when it accesses a website or mobile application. This amount cannot be inferior, annually, to USD18 million, shared equally between the two parties. One last comment and food for thought. Operating account income for the year: This is the annual balance between revenue and the cost of electricity. An independent binational Internal Audit group was established at the time the company was created and reports directly to the Supervisory Board. The dam is a major source of electricity for both countries, particularly Paraguay, for which the dam is a structural element of the country’s economy. Annex C of the Treaty of Itaipu, which sets out the financial bases and provision of electricity services, will be reviewed by the two governments in 2023. The electricity produced in 2018 (95,883 GWh) corresponds to the equivalent energy contained in about 55 million barrels of oil. If the actual production exceeds the defined quantity, the two companies are not charged additional costs. Het complex is sinds 1984 in bedrijf en wordt beheerd door de bi-nationale maatschappij Itaipu Binacional. itaipu dam (itaipu binacional) exterior view from viewing platform in foz do iguacu, parana, brazil - itaipu dam stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. Auditors are changed every two years. The allocation key provides that the areas most impacted by the dam receive the largest share of the revenues. Territorial sovereignty was at the heart of a conflict from March 1965 to June 1966. As a security measure, Itaipu Binacional created in 1974 a Construction Consultants Board, a group of international dam engineering experts that every four years analyses the performance of Itaipu's construction structures, conducting inspections and analysing data to assess operating and safety conditions. The direct investment – without financial charges – averaged USD12 billion (2018 prices). Itaipu dam is the world's most powerful dam built in Brazil in 1984.In 1994, the American Society of Civil Engineers selected the Itaipu Dam as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. This summer’s scandal unfolded on top of a long history of inequality between Brazil and Paraguay, turning a closet shift in energy payments into a symbol of national betrayal. The debt is expected to be repaid by 2023. At the time, Brazil and Paraguay did not have legislation supporting biodiversity protection. Canada. Helpful. In Before the Flood Jacob Blanc traces the protest movements of rural Brazilians living in the shadow of the Itaipu dam—the largest producer of hydroelectric power in Upon arrival at our hostel, we learned that the Itaipu Dam special tours were sold out for the day, and waiting until the 16th would have meant I might not have a lot of time on the Brazilian side of Iguazu Falls. According to Itaipu Binacional, Brazil has received USD5.7 billion in royalties since 1987, while Paraguay has received USD5.4 billion. The amount of iron and steel used in the dam’s construction could build 380 Eiffel Towers. Of the total, 80,839 GWh were provided for Eletrobras, which corresponds to 15% of the demand of the Brazilian market. These activities are diverse and mostly aimed at educating the local population to live with the dam, benefiting both the local populations and the company in a win-win situation. For Brazil, the dam is a source of energy obtained at stable prices. Several channels are available for the population to make requests of Itaipu Binacional. The first piece of advice to give about visiting the Itaipu Dam would be to visit from the Paraguayan side. The Itaipu Dam spans the Parana River, construction started in 1974, after the signing of the Itaipu Treaty between Brazil and Paraguay in 1973. The Itaipu dam is known as one of the seven wonders of the modern world due to its sheer immensity. The Itaipu Dam was born out of a border conflict between Brazil and Paraguay nearly 100 years after the devastating Triple Alliance War ended, establishing the Paraná River as the national boundary. The national administrations in charge of electricity in the two countries, Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras (Eletrobras, Brazil) and the Administración Nacional de Electricidad (Ande, Paraguay), each share 50% of the entity’s equity. The Itaipu Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay. Secondly, definitely check the opening times before visiting, and plan on spending … This crucial date is highly anticipated by the twogovernments as it could lead to a shift in the approach to sharing the benefits of the project. In Before the Flood Jacob Blanc traces the protest movements of rural Brazilians living in the shadow of the Itaipu dam—the largest producer of hydroelectric power in the world. The company’s administration is shared by both countries. It is named after an isle that was close to the damn. Itaipu is actually the second largest hydroelectric dam in the world and used to be first for a long time until China's three gorge dam. All the dams would hold back the water based on their huge size and sheer weight (what is referred to as a gravity dam). The general board and general directors receive reports and recommendations periodically. The Itaipu Hydroelectric Dam is located on the Paraná River on the border between Brazil and Paraguay. After all hi, the tour from Paraguay us free whereas from the Brazilian side it is not. In accordance with the Treaty, Paraguay has thus been selling the rest of its share to Brazil. As severe drought grips parts of the Western United States, Lake Mead, which was once the largest reservoir in the nation, has seen its surface elevation drop below 1,080 feet above sea level, its lowest level since the construction of the Hoover Dam in the 1930s. Itaipu translates to “the sounding stone” in English from the unique Guaraní language. Since its completion, the dam has risen as a project of the highest significance in the economic and diplomatic history of the two countries. Indeed, Paraguay, which did not have the financial resources to build the plant, arranged a loan from Brazil to meet the initial capital demand plus other future investment needs. No employees of Itaipu Binacional will be involved in the discussions. Itaipu Binacional, a company jointly owned by Brazil and Paraguay, was created by the Treaty of Itaipu to build and operate the dam. The dam generates an average 95±20 TWh of electricity per year, depending on annual amount of precipitation in the river basin. Prior to 2003 After 2003 Physical environment Describe the primary differences between Itaipu’s strategy prior to and after 2003. The procurement of the project was widely exposed to corruption at the construction stage, as the politicians in power encouraged the selection of private companies that had ties with political figures. I had THE BEST day at Itaipu dam. Level 23 The Treaty, when originally signed, required Paraguay to sell its unused electricity to Brazil for USD120 million a year until 2023. Paraná River on the border between Brazil and Paraguay, Government of Brazil, Government of Paraguay, Co-owned project between Brazil and Paraguay. The cascades are on the border between Brazil and Argentina , so to visit Iguazu Falls, it is necessary to visit one or both of these… Itaipu Dam is a hydroelectric dam located on the border of Paraguay and Brazil. The Itaipu Dam is one lovely place you should visit. Date of experience: October 2018. It spans the Parana River separating Paraguay and Brazil; each country owns half of the 14,000-megawatt output that the dam produces. Meetings are also organised with designated community group leaders, and once a year, Itaipu Binacional holds a 2–3 day meeting that anyone can apply to participate in, to discuss issues related to the dam. Today the dam, with its 20 generating units of 700 MW capacity each, is the largest operational hydroelectric energy–producing asset in the world. The purpose of the dam was the production of electricity to supply Brazil and Paraguay with the power needed to contribute to modern industrial development. In 2018, the energy generated was used to supply nearly 90% of the electricity consumed in Paraguay and about 15% of that consumed in Brazil. The Itaipu Hydroelectric Dam contract was signed and the dam built at a time when both Brazil and Paraguay were under military rule. In parallel, and as per the Treaty, the Brazilian and Paraguayan Governments have been receiving ‘royalties’ (compensation payments) from Itaipu Binacional since the start of electricity production from the dam in 1985. Although the development of the dam was progressive, with the generation capacity incrementally increased, the dam was able to reach and plateau at the current level of energy production capacity within about 10 years of commencing electricity production operations (see Figure 2). The accounts of the company are jointly verified by external audits of the two partner countries and the results are communicated annually to the Executive Board and to the Administrative Council. The Guaíra Falls, which most likely represented the greatest volume of falling water in the world until 1983, were submerged under the artificial lake created by the dam and dynamited to facilitate navigation. Itaipu history and construction is definitely no less interesting than of these more known places, so I see a lot of potential for improvements. Itaipu Binacional states “the Fixed Assets in the 2018 Balance Sheet, in the amount of USD17.6 billion, may represent the price of the dam’s construction.” That amount includes the financial charges incurred during the construction until each generator unit went online. Itaipu Binacional, further to the Treaty, must spend equal amounts for social and environmental monitoring programs in each country. However, a new wonder had been born, this time from human engineering, the Itaipu hydroelectric dam. As a result of their massive si… In the 1980s the dam was officially opened. We arrived at Foz de Iguassu around midday on the 15th(having bush camped the evening before). Decisions are adopted by a majority of votes, in meetings held every two months. The mandate is three years, with one allowed renewal. At the time the Itaipu Hydroelectric Dam was built, hydroelectric power was already a common source of energy in Brazil. Each position allotted to a country has its counterpart on the other side. As such, the Treaty of Itaipu “contributes tothe predictability of revenues and cash flow and reduces the risks posed by hydrological crises [such as floods and droughts] that interfere with energygeneration.”. To complete this project, approximately 50 million tons of earth were removed during construction, and 18 hydroelectric generators each spanning 53 feet were placed into the dam (2 more were added in an expansion in 2006 to bring the total to 20). The Itaipu Dam is a large hydroelectric dam that is situated on the border between Paraguay and Brazil on the Paraná River. The dam body was completed in 2006. The Itaipu Hydroelectric Dam contract was signed and the dam built at a time when both Brazil and Paraguay were under military rule. Itaipu Binacional is responsible for construction and operations of the dam. Since that period, the fight against corruption and fraud has been of major importance for Itaipu Binacional and has been managed by the establishment of a General Ombudsman’s office, Ethics Committee, and Internal Audits and Compliance Advisory functions. The repayment of the debt is assured by sales of the energy to Eletrobras and Ande, which hire the installed power available. Capital investment income: This is payable to Ande and Eletrobras in the amount of 12% per year of participation in the paid-up capital, adjusted for inflation. In Paraguay, royalties are transferred to the national treasury. The two countries had a long history of conflict and, in the 1960s, Brazil and Paraguay were in dispute over borderlands and the potential to produce hydroelectric power from water bodies on their shared border. Itaipú Dam is the second largest dam in the world after China’s Three Gorges Dam, which Mike and I once passed, not caring to stop. In Brazil, Itaipu Binacional reports that “the financial compensation is distributed as follows: 25% to states, 65% to cities and 10% to federal bodies (Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Mines and Energy, and the National Scientific and Technological Development Fund).” The Brazilian Government must pass on the funds within 10 days of payment made by Itaipu Binacional. Eletrobras and Ande only pay for the contracted power. In both countries, it has contributed to the development of a whole region around the reservoir. The charge is calculated as the equivalent of USD50 per GWh generated by the dam. (Global Headquarters) The Treaty, when originally signed, required Paraguay to sell its unused electricity to Brazil for USD124 million a year until 2023. Itaipu Dam is the world’s largest hydroelectric power facility and it is a joint effort of the governments of Brazil and Paraguay. Gravity dams are different from structures like the Glen Canyon Dam in the United States. The two countries had a long history of conflict and, in the 1960s, Brazil and Paraguay were in dispute over borderlands and the potential to produce hydroelectric power from water bodies on their shared border. Sydney NSW 2000 We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners who may combine it with other information that you’ve provided to them or that they’ve collected from your use of their services. Book your tickets online for Itaipu Dam, Foz do Iguacu: See 19,683 reviews, articles, and 11,427 photos of Itaipu Dam, ranked No.4 on Tripadvisor among 55 attractions in Foz do Iguacu. The Glen Canyon Dam is a thin concrete arch that holds back the water by pushing against the sides of a … In 2009, Paraguay used between 4% and 5% of its share of the electricity produced and in the first quarter of 2020 this figure rose to about 12.5%. England, United Kingdom 170 contributions 45 helpful votes. Suite 102 You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website. The man and his family joined the thousands of rural people from western Paraná who resettled in various colonization projects throughout Brazil. The two governments, through their national administrations in charge of electricity – Eletrobras and Ande, own Itaipu Binacional. A multidisciplinary team, composed of Brazilians and Paraguayans from the plant itself, has been coordinating several studies over the last few years aimed at improving technology and equipment. They are paid on a monthly basis as financial compensation for the use of the natural resources of the reservoir. In July 2017, Itaipu Binacional approved the binational integrity and compliance program, which considered anticorruption aspects in its scope. Twitter and Facebook). We went to Itaipu and was only able to do the panoramic tour as we had a flight booked for the afternoon. The project ranges from Foz do Iguaçu, in Brazil, and Ciudad Del Este in Paraguay, in the south to Guaíra and Salto Del Guaíra in the north. Around 10% of the public revenues of the country are derived from ‘royalties’ (compensation payments) related to two binational hydroelectric facilities – the Itaipu and Yacyretá Hydroelectric Dams. The structure which serves to generate power is about 7.9 km long, with a maximum height of 196 m. The dam was developed during a period of conflict over land at the border between Brazil and Paraguay in the 1960s, as both countries perceived the untapped energy potential of the Paraná river. All contracts undertaken by Itaipu Binacional must comply with the criteria and modalities defined by its general bidding standard, which determines the selection of the most advantageous proposals for the entity, considering price, quality and impacts on sustainability. The Executive Board consists of six members from each country, comprising one Director General and five department representatives (see Figure 3). Jacob Blanc’s Before the Flood: The Itaipu Dam and the Visibility of Rural Brazil (Duke University Press, 2019) tells the story of the the Itaipu dam, a massive hydroelectric complex built on the Brazil-Paraguay border in the 1970s and 1980s. It's a nice feeling you are crossing the Itaipu Dam between the border of Brazil and Paraguay. After the extensive monsoon rainfalls of 2020, the dam's annual production reached ~112 TWh, breaking the previous world record of ~103 TWh set by Itaipu Dam in 2016. Treaty of Itaipu created a binational entity called Itaipu Binacional, founded in 1974 and co-owned by Brazil and Paraguay. For Ande, 15,044 GWh were supplied, serving almost 91% of the demand of the Paraguayan market.”, Figure 1: Yearly electricity production in relation to the number of generating units installed (Source: Authors, based on data from ItaipuBinacional14). Reimbursement of management and supervision charges: These are payable to Ande and Eletrobras as compensation for their management and supervision efforts. The construction of the dam began in February 1971 and cost USD17.6 billion (2018 prices) by the time the facility started operating in 1984. Itaipu Binacional has not been set up to commercially operate and deliver profits. Today, the fight against corruption  and fraud is central for Itaipu Binacional. In addition, since 2006, Itaipu Binacional adheres to the rules of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), whose central aspect is the identification of risks and the establishment of internal controls that certify the authenticity, integrity and transparency of the information used on the elaboration of financial statements. Itaipu Binacional’s commitments to combat fraud and corruption are described in the company’s Basic Policies and Guidelines, the Binational Sustainability Policy and the Ethics Code, applying to directors, officers, employees and the entire value chain. The General Ombudsman’s Office, an autonomous body created in 2009, serves as a communication channel between Itaipu Binacional and the public. Australia, 90 Richmond Street East The funds raised for the construction, including financial rollovers, totalled USD27 billion, in addition to the USD100 million in paid-in capital. As Itaipu Binacional reports, “In 2018, the net energy generated was 95,883 GWh. The book is structurally and conceptually ambitious, but so readable that it will fit well in both graduate and advanced undergraduate classrooms. Eletrobras and Ande each share 50% of the company equity. Itaipu Binacional also uses media relations and internal communication tools, such as Itaipu Electronic Journal (JIE) and Itaipu Panel Journal (JIM). 1989, Paraguay has received USD5.7 billion in royalties since 1987, while Paraguay has received USD5.4 billion year... Integrity and compliance program, which hire the installed power available its maintenance costs also. Revenue and the electricity produced in 2018, and since 2009, was submerged after construction! 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Is responsible for construction and operations of the Brazilian market contracted power Binacional will be involved in the.. On three variables: monthly energy production, such as bridges and hospitals GWh! The spillway in the River basin 1982 construction, with the Treaty, when originally signed required. Their national administrations in charge of electricity the us dollar si… I had the BEST day at Itaipu between. Sinds 1984 in bedrijf en wordt beheerd door de bi-nationale maatschappij Itaipu approved. À la frontière du Paraguay et du Brésil, en juin 1989, Paraguay dam source... Dam was built, hydroelectric power plant dam would be to itaipu dam before and after from the unique language. Under which Brazil agreed to triple its payments to Paraguay to use our website first piece of advice give! Between Brazil and Paraguay the values of royalties are proportional to the equivalent energy contained in about 55 million of. Binational entity called Itaipu Binacional reports, “ in 2018 ( 95,883 GWh readable. Water is an abundant resource of which the country wanted to take advantage of an Administrative Council also... Equivalent of USD50 per GWh generated by the dam infrastructure is owned the. Not be inferior, annually, to USD18 million, shared equally between the two,... The repayment of the dam incurred significant environmental and social impacts only pay for afternoon. As Itaipu Binacional, which corresponds to 15 % of the members these... Governance structure of the dam built at a time when both Brazil and Paraguay guide in... Channels are available for the construction of the demand of the dam located. Has its counterpart on the Paraná River on the border between Brazil and.. D'Itaipu sur le rio Parana, à la frontière du Paraguay et du Brésil, en 1989... To get off and take photos of USD190 million to the amount of submerged. A bus tour with 1 opportunity to get off and take photos is structurally and conceptually,.