In the South, Denikin is striving with all his strength towards Tula and Moscow. This is the present basic pattern of the Army’s leading organs. As her childhood progressed, she witnessed the armed rebels fighting against ... the Russian revolution, Frida gifted a mesmerizing portrait to Trotsky — Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky. The means for emancipating the working people is revolutionary violence. Trotsky had started out opposing Lenin, and was a member of Martov’s Mensheviks. Without going here into the argument about the role to be played by cavalry, in general, in future wars, we can say that, in the past, it was backward countries that had the best cavalry: Russia, Poland, Hungary, and, still earlier, Sweden. But we cannot create an Army through an administrative mechanism alone – which is in our case at present as bad as it could possibly be. How the Revolution Armed: 1920 v. 3: Military Writings and Speeches of Leon Trotsky by L. Trotskii. However, it must be appreciated that a considerable proportion of these had been drawn, in their time, from among the better-off sections in country and town. The newly-created units were infused with worker-Communists from Petrograd, Moscow, Ivanovo-Voznesensk, and so on. They were, predominantly, the literate sons of peasant families of the kulak type. But we, as a factor in this European revolution, as a constituent part of it, must take care to be strong, that is, specifically, to be equipped with an army that, in the first place, will correspond to the spirit of the Soviet regime and, in the second place, will be able to defend that regime and to assist the world revolution. Out of Stock. Trotsky armed all available workers, men and women, ordering the transfer of military forces from Moscow. In this quotation the concluding phrase in the above paragraph beginning ‘Democratisation’ is given differently. I began by reading Isaac Duetscher's Prophet Armed, and then this book. [Originally six military districts were formed: Yaroslavl, Moscow, Orel, Ural, Volga and Northern Commune (White Sea).] A centralized apparatus of political leadership and education was formed for the troops on the Volga front. Our railway carriages have been stripped and smashed up. Disregard of these problems, or, even worse, a negative attitude towards them, hidden behind humanitarian pacifist phraseology, is really criminal. We knew that if obstacles presented themselves on the path of this dictatorship, they must be swept away. How the Revolution Armed Volume 4: 1921-1923 (The Military Writings and Speeches of Leon Trotsky). The territory of the Republic, which, though split up by the enemy, was still enormous, was divided into districts, each comprising several provinces. ‘Trotsky was a great decision maker. This resolution gives an excellent description of the difficulties that confront us. What explains why it was that, in the first phase of the revolution, the Menshevik and SR parties played the leading role, and thereby held back the development of the revolution, worsened the country’s collapse, and gave to the whole subsequent process of development an extremely acute and painful character? It should be the same in the Army. [The Czechoslovak Corps was formed in Tsarist Russia from among prisoners of war. Trotsky's extraordinary life and extensive writings have left an indelible mark on revolutionary conscience; and yet there was at one time a danger that his name would disappear altogether from history. 1 1918. That was the reason why, in the first phase of the revolution, the SRs and Mensheviks set the all-determining imprint of their influence upon its development. Yet the revolution itself gave rise to new dangers of war, which kept increasing. In contracting, the Army has not become weaker but, on the contrary, stronger. He succeeded in organizing the Cossacks once more against the Soviets only simultaneously with the Czechoslovak revolt. The counter-revolution entrenched itself in the backward borderlands, and tried, pressing inward from there, to squeeze us into the central area round Moscow. But the source of this danger is not the drawing into service of a dozen or so former generals, it has deeper roots. One of the great historical “what ifs”. Here I come to a ticklish matter which is at the present time, to some extent, a sore point in our Party life. mind and organizing mastermind. The Germans recognised the independence of the Ukraine, and the Rada supplied them with a substantial quantity of foodstuffs. Later, no small number of revolutionary commanders emerged from the ranks of the commissars. But the system of election could in no way secure competent, suitable and authoritative commanders for the revolutionary army. You choose the administration of a trade union from among its most worthy and reliable activists, and to them you entrust the appointment of all the necessary employees and technical specialists. This danger, in so far as there is some justification for it, must compel us as a whole to direct our attention to the lower levels, to the rank-and-file soldiers of the Red Army. Trotsky’s magisterial History of the Russian Revolution was published in 1930 when Trotsky had been forced into exile. An English translation was published in the American journal Class Struggle, 1919]. Serious experience of civil war very soon refuted these prejudices. If, comrades, we do not do this, then we shall not cope with our basic tasks, for it will be absolutely impossible for us to bring forth from our own midst, in a very short time, all the specialists we need, while casting aside everything that was accumulated in the past. This report was published separately as Trud, distsiplina, i potyadok spasut Sovetskuyu Respubliku (Work, discipline and order will save the Soviet Republic), Moscow 1918, by the publishing house Zhizn i Znanie (Life and Knowledge), as no.175 in their ‘low-cost library’. The revolution must, in conformity with its whole nature, give up for good and all not only positional warfare but also the centralized army. Type Book Author(s) Leon Trotsky Date 1918 Volume 1 eBook. Few political figures of the twentieth century have aroused as much controversy as the Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky. The peasants, having been shut up, by means of the state machine, in the compulsory organizations of the Army, elected not peasants’ deputies but deputies of regiments, companies and so forth. Everywhere there must be advanced executants of all functions, all tasks, all the requirements of the Soviet Socialist Republic, and in doing their work they must show all their devotion, all their enthusiasm. Only widespread military training of the worker and peasant masses, everywhere that this is at present practically feasible, will make it possible to transform the volunteer cadres into that skeleton which, in a moment of danger, will become clothed with flesh and blood, that is, in reality, with the broad masses of the workers and peasants in arms. The role of the commander was thereby bisected, so to speak. In my distant past I read about the Revolution mainly through the eyes Anarchists (Emma Goldman among them), Rosa Luxembourg, and at Maknho (spelling? There was and could be no question of controlling troops by means of elected committees and commanders who were subordinate to these committees and might be replaced at any moment. And we have set ourselves this task. HOW THE REVOLUTION ARMED Written: 1920. Since revolutionary enthusiasm seized hold of the army as a whole, the purely organizational role of the Bolshevik cells in the regiments was not particularly noticeable. We assiduously recruited former NCOs of the Tsarist army. And the Constituent Assembly, as they saw it, was to be the great chamber of conciliation, the great compromise making institution of the Russian Revolution. Revolution was not the product of overnight work. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. We must carry out a process of selection with iron ruthlessness, because in this sphere many dangerous and alarming symptoms are to be seen. We now need to transform the apparatus of the railways into a punctually-operating mechanism, and this is at the present time one of the most important political tasks of the Communist Party and the Soviet power. Those who are afraid of doing this are unconsciously adopting an attitude of profound distrust towards the Soviet regime. If the Ukrainian Rada was and still is temporarily victorious over the Soviet power in the Ukraine, this fact is due exclusively to the help given it by the mighty machine of German militarism. Later, we encountered many of them in the role of organizers of the Red Guard and the Red Army. In Mexico Trotsky developed an interest in farming and started breeding chickens and rabbits. But this in no way hindered us from advancing open-eyed to the conquest of power. The Rada arrived at an agreement with the Provisional Government regarding autonomy for the Ukraine and began to form national units. As they approached Kiev a workers’ revolt broke out there, and on January 26 Kiev fell to the Soviets. We must, through the Party and the trade unions, instil this new attitude into the factories, bring into the masses this new awareness of labor-duty, labor-honour, and, relying on this awareness, must introduce labor courts, so that the worker who shows an apathetic attitude to his duties, who steals materials or deals carelessly with them, and the one who fails regularly to put in his proper hours of work, shall be brought to trial, so that the names of these violators of socialist solidarity may be printed in all Soviet publications, as the names of renegades. Only purely military leadership was left in the hands of the commander himself. Everyday low … Today, liberated from all that, he becomes aware of himself as an individual personality for the first time, and starts to think that he is everything, that he is the centre of the universe. Leon Trotsky Volume 1, 1918 How the Revolution Armed Read This In E-Book Format! In this social fact is rooted the final cause of our victories. The fight against the counter-revolution, which had not yet pulled itself together, uniting and arming its forces, was waged by small, independent bodies of troops. They expressed their influence, however, not only in refraining from setting about the solution of a single one of the questions raised by the revolution, but in directly delaying and hindering the solution of all questions, intensifying all difficulties and causing the heritage which fell to us in October to be a frightful historical burden. Individual military units (mostly regiments) dragged around after them armored cars and airplanes while they had no bayonets for their rifles, and often even lacked cartridges. The Red Guards too were indeed crucial to the revolution, and were organised by Trotsky in October, the growing force of armed workers reached 20,000 members, and forming the Committee for the defence of Petrograd. I have one such resolution in my pocket. How the Revolution Armed, Volumes 4-5 How the Revolution Armed, Brian Pearce Selections, Leon Trotsky: Author: Leon Trotsky: Translated by: Brian Pearce: Publisher: New Park Publications, 1979: Original from: the University of Michigan: Digitized: Jul 1, 2008 : Export Citation: BiBTeX EndNote RefMan A special place in the development of the Red Army is held by the creation of the cavalry. The Military Organization carried on direct preparation for the rising and sent some active comrades from its membership to serve in the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, and later in the War Department (comrades Podvoisky, Mekhonoshin, Krylenko, Dzevaltovsky, Raskolnikov and many more). From a certain moment onward, however, with the tighter unification of the counter-revolutionary forces and the growth of external threats, these primitive tendencies to autonomy became ever more dangerous, both from the political and, in particular, from the military standpoint. The year 1918 and a substantial part of 1919 were spent in constant stubborn struggle to create a centralized, disciplined army, supplied and controlled from a single center. Taking shape under conditions of the complete disintegration of small and medium industry and of the old capitalist ideology in Western Europe, Russian capitalism, which arose from the start in highly concentrated form, undoubtedly developed great economic strength and, along with this, the internal capacity to go over to an improved form of economy – that is, it created the basis for nationalization of the enterprises. [Trotsky quotes from this 1918 speech in his pamphlet, [Author of a number of sketches of Russian peasant life, Uspensky lived from 1843 to 1902. And we need to create within our Party a new morality or, to speak more correctly, the morality that should be a development of our revolutionary fighting morality of yesterday. [12] And this fact, that the working class cannot simply take over the old machinery, found expression here in two forms: in the distrust shown by the mass of the workers and the Soviets towards the old government officials, and in the hatred shown by the old officialdom towards the new master, the working class. First Published: 1924 as Book Two of Volume II of Kak Vooruzhala Revolyutsiya, by the Supreme Council for Military Publications, Moscow. The Red Army was built under fire, and consequently, far from always in accordance with a definite plan, and often by way of rather disorderly improvisations. Annotation is by Brian Pearce. In the civil war in the United States the advantage as regards cavalry was wholly in favor of the Southern plantation-owners. The mood of the peasantry vacillated unceasingly. In other words, will the working class, led by the Communist Party, in this moment of the greatest test to which the working class has ever been subjected throughout its history, prove to be up to the level of its historical responsibility? But it may well stumble through its own incapacity to cope with creative organizational tasks. Enlisting the scientific specialists is for us just as essential as taking over all the means of production and transport and all the wealth of the country generally. The Paris Commune was the first workers’ revolution, made by the proletariat of Paris on March 18th, 1871, when the bourgeoisie of France, having fought an unsuccessful war with Germany, wanted to surrender Paris to the Germans, so as to protect themselves from the revolutionary fury of the proletariat. After the arrest of those who took part on that occasion, the conference was held in Tammerfors in the winter of 1906. Along with this, in Moscow and the Volga region an attempt was made to mobilize certain age-groups of the workers and peasants. They then brought into action another mechanism of resistance, in the form of sabotage by the officials and technical personnel, all the skilled and semi-skilled forces of the intelligentsia which in bourgeois society function both as mechanism of technical leadership and as mechanism of class rule. They captured Simbirsk and Kazan. None of that is possessed by the working class, it has it all to acquire. Toward the end of his History of the Russian Revolution, Trotsky wrote:. Their center was Samara. His epic defence of the soul of the Revolution against its bureaucratic executioners was a torchlight in the storm. Attempts to apply the principles of formal democracy on German soil ended very sadly. This is nothing more than growing pains. This, I say, is a quite natural and, so far as its origin is concerned, healthy revolutionary reaction. In peasant life he was nothing but a beast of burden and payer of taxes. The February revolution revealed the basic relation of forces: first, the combination of all the property-owning and ruling classes, a combination headed by the Cadet Party, within which were dissolved all the contradictions, all the antagonisms between the different groups among the property-owners, precisely because the revolution posed sharply the root question of property as such, and thereby eliminated the differences among the property-owning classes. The difficulties which are objective in character are founded in external conditions. Only in 1919, when the old supplies began to near exhaustion, was work begun on reviving the production of arms. And it was this stratum that bore the burden of the work in the first, most difficult period. The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921, By Isaac Deutscher There is one more question in the field of Army organization: the so-called principle of election. It would mean that, at the end of the mighty development of capitalism, as a result of this world-wide slaughter into which world capitalism has driven the people, the European working class has proved incapable of taking power and liberating Europe from the nightmare of the imperialist inferno. Read How the Revolution Armed: 1919 v. 2: Military Writings and Speeches of Leon Trotsky book reviews & author details and more at Amazon.in. We realise, of course, that, in the end, the proletariat will win: nevertheless, it will not go for nothing, but will be a black mark against us, if at this moment our Party and our class fail to stand the test. In the period of our fight with Wrangel and with Poland, in 1920, the Red Army had in its ranks more than five million men. It was formed in 1918 to defend the new regime during the Russian Civil War.In its formative years, the Red Army was assembled and organised by Leon Trotsky, the Soviet commissar for military affairs between March 1918 and January 1925. Their bold raids often, in the first period, created very great difficulties for us. Many of them, to be sure, betrayed us, going over to the enemy or taking part in revolts; but, in the main, their spirit of class resistance was broken. Its apparatus was extraordinarily unwieldy and, in many cases, clumsy. The revolution grew directly out of the war, and one of its most important slogans was for the ending of the war, which corresponded to the phenomenon of war-weariness and loathing for war. Leon Trotsky. Under pressure from the German forces the Red Guard units left Ukrainian territory. The railway lines are now in our hands, but, comrades, this is not yet the end of the matter, or even half-way there, it is, perhaps, only one-tenth of the matter. [2]. This triumphal character of the October rising revealed the political weakness of the bourgeois classes, which had its roots in the peculiarities of the development of Russian capitalism. We consider that, since the further development of international relations may, in the very near future, once more subject us to severe military trials, we must forthwith create firm and reliable cadres for the Army, and these cannot be formed on the principle of universal compulsory recruitment because we shall not carry out such recruitment in the next two months. By February 14 the first courses had already begin in Petrograd, Moscow, Tver and Kazan. This contraction has proceeded and is proceeding more slowly than would have been desirable, because it is paralleled by an improvement in quality. It appeared previously in No.8/1922 of the journal of the Chief Administration of Military Schools. Trotsky quickly rose to a position of power in the party: just before the October Revolution, he was elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee.During the revolution, Trotsky oversaw Soviet military operations in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg), the capital of the Russian Empire. 14. We have broken the old sabotage and cleared out most of the old officials. Look and see what is happening now in the Ukraine. I hope it is of interest to those who wish to study the events of 1917 in order to learn the lessons for today's struggles. In this respect we have had undoubted success during the last two years. This is to be explained by the circumstance that our revolution grew out of the war, and the war had mobilised and organised the most backward and ignorant masses of the peasantry, endowing them with military organization and so causing them to exercise, in the first phase of the revolution, a direct influence on the course of political events, before these masses had passed, under the leadership of the proletariat, through even the elementary school of politics. In 1917, after the February revolution, the Military Organization developed its influence first in Petrograd and later also at the front (especially in the Northern sector and in the Baltic Fleet). I received it yesterday, from the North-Western territory. Men did not want to fight, considering that war had been altogether consigned to the past: the peasants were seizing the land, the workers were building their organizations and taking over industry. He who desires the end must desire the means. How the Revolution Armed Vol. Having come to power, the working class had to examine critically the old state apparatus of class oppression. The tightening-up in the rear and auxiliary apparatus has been incomparably greater than in the combatant units. This item appears on. Political and educational work was concentrated in those of the commissar. If we do not overcome them, the country will be wrecked in the very near future, for there is no-one to take our place. Paperback. Leon Trotsky $19.34. Party organizations, committees and cells will everywhere be obliged to take care that the elements entering the Army are of good quality in the political and moral sense, and that when they have joined the Army they do not lose their ties with the mass of the workers but are brought under systematic influence from the latter. On the other hand, there have come in careerists, intriguers, yesterday’s failures, those who, under the old regime, were not good enough for the job. If no revolution occurs in Europe, if the European working class proves unable to rise up against capital as a result of this war, if this monstrous assumption should be realised, that would mean that European civilisation is doomed. Yes, of course, if Europe is thrown back to barbarism, and if civilisation then develops elsewhere, in the East, in Asia, in America, if Europe is transformed into a backward peninsula of Asia, like the Balkans, which in their time were a focus of cultural development, but then came to a standstill and were transformed into the very backward south-eastern corner of Europe; if all this happens, then, of course, we shall not survive. At the same time an intense agitation was carried on, by means of both the spoken and the written word, with groups of Communists proceeding from one village to the next. Up to now, where railway matters are concerned, we blamed each other, we attacked the previous Government, the former administration of the lines, or the Vikzhel. It was necessary, while smashing the resistance of the counter-revolutionary elements among the old officers, to secure for the loyal elements among them, step by step, the possibility of working as part of the Red Army. Transforming units into regiments, putting regiments into divisions, subordinating divisional commanders to commanders of armies and of fronts was a task of great difficulty, and one that was not always effected without loss. Leon Trotsky Returns from New York. The peasant supported the worker against the landlord and the capitalist. The compromising groups constituted the second major camp in the revolution – politically much larger than corresponded to its real social strength (for reasons about which I shall now say a few words). How the Revolution Armed: 1920 v. 3: Military Writings and Speeches of Leon Trotsky: Trotskii, L., Pearce, B.: Amazon.com.au: Books This ... the formation and crystallization of his distinctive and motivating idea—the permanent revolution— his long feud and final reconciliation with Lenin and Bolshevism, and his role in the October insurrection of 1917. of the front. The Army was built on the voluntary principle. Hitherto, comrades, many decrees and regulations which we have published have remained on paper. Buy How The Revolution Armed: Military Writings and speeches of Leon Trotsky set of 5 volume by Leon Trotsky (ISBN: 9780861510030) from Amazon's Book Store. Volume 1, Trotsky - Prophet Armed, depicts not only the rise of Trotsky as a revolutionary star but the background history of imperial Russia in late 19th century, under Tsardom, struggling with illiterate peasantry and serfdom. What is the reason why arbitrariness, slovenliness and even dishonesty are developing? See also Лев Троцкий Leon Trotsky was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. 1. Similarly, the revolutionary army, as an army for action and not as an arena of propaganda, was incompatible with a regime of elected committees, which in fact could not but destroy all centralized control, by allowing each unit to decide for itself whether it would agree to advance or to remain on the defensive. That would be madness. In the first period not only the peasants but also the workers were unwilling to join the Army. Free delivery on qualified orders. ), and have also read a little Lenin (such as State and Revolution) for a political science college course, a long time ago. In the Preface, posted below, Trotsky explains how unexpected the revolution of 1917 was. Here, it naturally came into being on the Kuban and the Don, and not in the environs of Petersburg and Moscow. For the first time, commissars were given in the units the status of revolutionary leaders and direct representatives of the Soviet power. The Military Writings of Leon Trotsky . Having taken over the state machine, the Commune proved unable to reconstruct it. Debuting in 1954, Deutscher's three-volume biography on the Russian revolutionary countered much of the propaganda issued by Stalin's regime to destroy Trotsky's reputation. Now they call utopian our socialist prospect, our Communist programme. After the October Revolution the Corps wanted to ‘go home’, and the route chosen for their move was along the Trans-Siberian Railway and through Vladivostok.] And besides, we felt firm ground under our feet the shortest possible time burden and payer of taxes reaction. The bourgeois press of Europe patently misrepresents the matter when it depicts propaganda as some devilish invention of the Army... 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